A Comprehensive Review on Nuclear Thermal Propulsion System: Solid Core Design

Abstract

Nuclear thermal propulsion (NTP), and more so the solid core type of it, is considered a quite notable example of advancement in space propulsion technology. NTP systems as opposed to normal chemical rockets use nuclear fission to heat hydrogen or other propellants, thus achieving much better efficiency and specific impulse than chemical rockets do, making NTP systems suitable for long duration space missions. This paper presents a detailed investigation of solid core NTP systems, including their engineering such as nuclear reactor core, propellant flow and nozzle for the propellant exhaust. It addresses the significant engineering problems of the design of the NTP system such as materials of high temperature capable of operating within the reactor, radiation shielding, hydrogen storage, along with some of the methods that can be used to solve each problem. It also includes the disadvantages of NTP systems and counterarguments, such as the time of transit and the capacity of the payload, especially in case of missions for deposition of large masses on Mars, in the deep spaces and in the outer space. Lastly, the paper explores the existing efforts and objectives of further research, focusing on the developments of materials, hybrid propulsion systems and the ability to work with other countries in order raise the pace of the NTP propulsion progress and eventually use it in the future space exploration.