Feasibility of Integrating Cryogenic Propulsion for Next Generation Missiles for Enhanced Range, Stealth and Strategic Capabilities

Abstract

The use of cryogenic propellants in missile propulsion systems has traditionally been limited due to the complexities associated with their storage and handling. However, cryogenic propellants, such as liquid hydrogen, offer significant advantages in terms of specific impulse and efficiency, making them a promising option for enhancing the range and performance of modern cruise missiles. Unlike traditional solid propellants, cryogenic fuels provide a higher specific impulse, which translates into better thrust efficiency and a more favorable stage mass ratio. This allows for longer flight durations and greater operational range without increasing the size or weight of the missile. Cryogenic systems also offer potential benefits in thermal management, particularly for cruise missiles operating at high speeds. The integration of cryogenic propellants can help maintain the integrity of critical components by absorbing excess heat and cooling systems like nozzles before combustion, thus ensuring stable operation during high-speed flight. Despite these advantages, adapting cryogenic technology to cruise missile systems presents challenges, such as the need for advanced insulation to manage boil-off, compact storage solutions for cryogenic fuel, and ensuring rapid launch readiness. This paper explores these challenges in detail, proposing potential solutions, and highlights how cryogenic propulsion could be transformative for next-generation cruise missile systems, enhancing both their performance and operational capabilities.